(Microsoft Word - Paper/final \311)
نویسندگان
چکیده
G a u g e i n v a r i a n c e i s t h e b a s i s o f t h e m o d e r n t h e o r y o f e l e c t r o w e a k a n d s t r o n g i n t e r a c t i o n s ( t h e s o c a l l e d S t a n d a r d M o d e l ) . T h e r o o t s o f g a u g e i n v a r i a n c e g o b a c k t o t h e y e a r 1 8 2 0 w h e n e l e c t r o m a g n e t i s m w a s d i s c o v e r e d a n d t h e f i r s t e l e c t r o d y n a m i c t h e o r y w a s p r o p o s e d . S u b s e q u e n t d e v e l o p m e n t s l e d t o t h e d i s c o v e r y t h a t d i f f e r e n t f o r m s o f t h e v e c t o r p o t e n t i a l r e s u l t i n t h e s a m e o b s e r v a b l e f o r c e s . T h e p a r t i a l a r b i t r a r i n e s s o f t h e v e c t o r p o t e n t i a l A b r o u g h t f o r t h v a r i o u s r e s t r i c t i o n s o n i t . ¡ A = 0 w a s p r o p o s e d b y J . C . M a x w e l l ; Ç
منابع مشابه
(Microsoft Word - Paper w/ fig\311)
Distributions of Coulomb blockade peak spacing are reported for large ensembles of both unbroken (magnetic field B = 0) and broken (B ≠ 0) time reversal symmetry in GaAs quantum dots. Both distributions are symmetric and roughly gaussian with a width ~ 2–6% of the average spacing, with broad, non-gaussian tails. The distribution is systematically wider at B = 0 by a factor of ~ 1.2 ± 0.1. No ev...
متن کاملRunning Head : Word - Final Clusters The acquisition of word - final clusters in French
The structure of French syllables has long been controversial, particularly with respect to the status of word-final consonants. Some researchers suggest that word-final consonants are syllabified as codas, whereas others propose that these are onsets of empty-headed syllables. This raises questions regarding the nature of syllabic representations in children’s developing French, a topic that h...
متن کامل(Microsoft Word - IMECS2012_nitrogen_graphene20111130_1_\210\311\223\241\217C\220\263.doc)
We investigated the mechanical properties of nitrogen-containing graphene under tensile loading via molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. In the MD simulation, we used three types of potential functions: the second–generation reactive empirical bond order (REBO) potential for covalent C–C bonds, the Tersoff potential for covalent C–N bonds, and the Lennard–Jones potential for the interlayer inte...
متن کامل